1912 CONCRETE COSTS Frederick W. Taylor FIRST EDITION FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Taylorism Start Price USD 99.99 Current Price USD 99.99 Time Left - Bid Count 0 Buy It Now Price - Reserve Price - Start Time Thursday, November 13, 2008 End Time Sunday, November 23, 2008 Location Florida See more about '1912 CONCRETE COSTS Frederick W. Taylor FIRST EDITION' Description Concrete Costs Frederick W. Taylor 1912 Father of Scientific Management and former President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Frederick W. Taylor's classic study of concrete. First edition. Densely illustrated with photographs, drawings and charts. See brief biography of Taylor, lists of topics and illustrations and condition notes below. FREDERICK W. TAYLOR The American ideal of corporate efficiency took form in the early 20th century, seeded by reform-minded progressives seeking to improve the lot of the middle classes and their employers. As corporations consolidated at the end of the 19th century, progressives encouraged the spread of professional management to supersede the style that had defined the Robber Baron age. As corporations pursued national markets, they needed experts in production, distribution and labor. Businesses were now to complex for generalists to run. This need for such expertise led to the advent of the management consultant. The most highly regarded consultant to arise out of this era is Frederick Winslow Taylor. Frederick Taylor's name was synonymous with "scientific management," a revolutionary movement that proposed the reduction of waste through the careful study of work. Peter Drucker has ranked Taylor, along with Darwin and Freud, as one of the seminal thinkers of modern times. Born in 1856 into a wealthy Philadelphia family, Taylor disappointed his parents by working in a metal products factory, first as a machinist and next as a foreman. Shocked at the factory's inefficiency, and the practice of its skilled workers of purposely working slowly, Taylor proposed solutions that he believed would solve both problems. By studying the time it took each worker to complete a step, and by rearranging equipment, Taylor believed he could discover what an average worker could produce in optimum conditions. The promise of higher wages, he figured, would create added incentive for workers to exceed this "average" level. Taylor's time-and-motion studies offered a path away from the industrial wars of a century ago. Now what was needed was a way to apportion the wealth created by manufacturing enterprises. Taylor's answer sidestepped the class struggle and interest-group politics. Generally creating enemies wherever he worked, and willing to bend the facts to suit his theories, Taylor's methods paid off, when on the eve of World War I, "Taylorism" became the first big management fad. An extreme version of Taylor's mind-set found its way into the operation of Nazi death camps and communist totalitarianism. The Taylor method prescribed a clockwork world of tasks timed to the hundredth of a minute, of standardized factories, machines, women and men. Naturally, ordinary workers resented having to work faster then they thought was healthy or fair. It came to be revealed, that in case after case, Taylor and his adherents didn't actually use their time studies as the sole basis for setting normative output. Acknowledging that workers could not sustain peak level performances all day long, they used a margin of error or fudge factor of as much as a third to set a more realistic level. This of course, struck at the credibility that Taylor's system was based on scientific laws. Taylor passed on in the year 1915. Source: The Wall Street Journal Bookshelf, June 13, 1997 pg. A17 Frederick Winslow Taylor (20 March 1856–21 March 1915), widely known as F. W. Taylor, was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. Taylor is regarded as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants. He was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era. Frederick W. Taylor was the first man in recorded history who deemed work deserving of systematic observation and study. On Taylor's 'scientific management' rests, above all, the tremendous surge of affluence in the last seventy-five years which has lifted the working masses in the developed countries well above any level recorded before, even for the well-to-do. Taylor, though the Isaac Newton (or perhaps the Archimedes) of the science of work, laid only first foundations, however. Not much has been added to them since - even though he has been dead all of sixty years Taylor was also an accomplished tennis player, who won the first doubles tournament in the 1881 U.S. National Championships, the precursor of the U.S. Open, with Clarence Clark. Life Taylor was born in 1856 to a wealthy Quaker family in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Taylor's ancestor, Samuel Taylor, settled in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1677. Taylor's father, Franklin Taylor, a Princeton educated lawyer, built his wealth on mortgages. Taylor's mother, Emily Annette (Winslow) Taylor was an ardent abolitionist and a coworker with Lucretia Mott. Educated early by his mother, Taylor studied for two years in France and Germany and traveled Europe for eighteen months. In 1872, he entered Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. Upon graduation, Taylor was accepted at Harvard Law. However, due to rapidly deteriorating eyesight, Taylor had to consider an alternative career. After the depression of 1873, Taylor became an industrial apprentice patternmaker, gaining shop-floor experience at a pump-manufacturing company Enterprise Hydraulic Works, Philadelphia. Taylor's career progressed in 1878 when he became a machine shop laborer at Midvale Steel Works. Taylor was promoted to gang-boss, foreman, research director, and finally, chief engineer at Midvale. Taylor took night study at Stevens Institute of Technology and in 1883 obtained a degree in Mechanical Engineering through a highly unusual, for the time, series of correspondence courses. While at Stevens Institute of Technology, Taylor was a Brother of the Gamma Chapter of Theta Xi. On May 3, 1884, he married Louise M. Spooner of Philadelphia. From 1890 until 1893 Taylor worked as a general manager and a consulting engineer to management for Manufacturing Investment Company, Philadelphia, a company that operated large paper mills in Maine and Wisconsin. In 1893, Taylor opened an independent consulting practice in Philadelphia. His business card read "Systematizing Shop Management and Manufacturing Costs a Specialty". In 1898, Taylor joined Bethlehem Steel, where he, Maunsel White, and a team of assistants developed high speed steel. For his process of treating high speed tool steels he received a personal gold medal at the Paris exposition in 1900, and was awarded the Elliott Cresson gold medal that same year by the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. Taylor was forced to leave Bethlehem Steel in 1901 after antagonisms with other managers. In 1901, Frederick and Louise Taylor adopted three orphans Kempton, Robert and Elizabeth. On October 19, 1906, Taylor was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Pennsylvania. Taylor eventually became a professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. Late winter of 1915 Taylor caught pneumonia and one day after his fifty-ninth birthday, on March 21, he died. He was buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Taylor authored 42 patents. Scientific management Taylor believed that the industrial management of his day was amateurish, that management could be formulated as an academic discipline, and that the best results would come from the partnership between a trained and qualified management and a cooperative and innovative workforce. Each side needed the other, and there was no need for trade unions. Future U.S. Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis coined the term scientific management in the course of his argument for the Eastern Rate Case before the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1910. Brandeis debated that railroads, when governed according to the principles of Taylor, did not need to raise rates to increase wages. Taylor used Brandeis's term in the title of his monograph The Principles of Scientific Management, published in 1911. Eastern Rate Case propelled Taylor's ideas to the forefront of the management agenda. Taylor wrote to Brandeis "I have rarely seen a new movement started with such great momentum as you have given this one." Taylor's approach is also often referred to, as Taylor's Principles, or frequently disparagingly, as Taylorism. Taylor's scientific management consisted of four principles: 1. Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. 2. Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. 3. Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" (Montgomery 1997: 250). 4. Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. Managers and workers Taylor had very precise ideas about how to introduce his system: "It is only through enforced standardization of methods, enforced adoption of the best implements and working conditions, and enforced cooperation that this faster work can be assured. And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing this cooperation rests with management alone." Workers were supposed to be incapable of understanding what they were doing. According to Taylor this was true even for rather simple tasks. "I can say, without the slightest hesitation," Taylor told a congressional committee, "that the science of handling pig-iron is so great that the man who is ... physically able to handle pig-iron and is sufficiently phlegmatic and stupid to choose this for his occupation is rarely able to comprehend the science of handling pig-iron." The introduction of his system was often resented by workers and provoked numerous strikes. The strike at Watertown Arsenal led to the congressional investigation in 1912. Taylor believed the labourer was worthy of his hire, and pay was linked to productivity. His workers were able to earn substantially more than those in similar industries and this earned him enemies among the owners of factories where scientific management was not in use. Propaganda techniques Taylor promised to reconcile labor and capital. With the triumph of scientific management, unions would have nothing left to do, and they would have been cleansed of their most evil feature: the restriction of output. To underscore this idea, Taylor fashioned the myth that 'there has never been a strike of men working under scientific management', trying to give it credibility by constant repetition. In similar fashion he incessantly linked his proposals to shorter hours of work, without bothering to produce evidence of "Taylorized" firms that reduced working hours, and he revised his famous tale of Schmidt carrying pig iron at Bethlehem Steel at least three times, obscuring some aspects of his study and stressing others, so that each successive version made Schmidt's exertions more impressive, more voluntary and more rewarding to him than the last. Unlike [Harrington] Emerson, Taylor was not a charlatan, but his ideological message required the suppression of all evidence of worker's dissent, of coercion, or of any human motives or aspirations other than those his vision of progress could encompass. Management theory Taylor thought that by analysing work, the "One Best Way" to do it would be found. He is most remembered for developing the time and motion study. He would break a job into its component parts and measure each to the hundredth of a minute. One of his most famous studies involved shovels. He noticed that workers used the same shovel for all materials. He determined that the most effective load was 21½ lb, and found or designed shovels that for each material would scoop up that amount. He was generally unsuccessful in getting his concepts applied and was dismissed from Bethlehem Steel. It was largely through the efforts of his disciples (most notably H.L. Gantt) that industry came to implement his ideas. Nevertheless, the book he wrote after parting company with Bethlehem Steel, Shop Management, sold well.... Relations with ASME Taylor was president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) from 1906 to 1907. While president, he tried to implement his system into the management of the ASME but was met with much resistance. He was only able to reorganize the publications department and then only partially. He also forced out the ASME's long-time secretary, Morris L. Cooke, and replaced him with Calvin W. Rice. His tenure as president was trouble-ridden and marked the beginning of a period of internal dissension within the ASME during the Progressive Age. In 1912, Taylor collected a number of his articles into a book-length manuscript which he submitted to the ASME for publication. The ASME formed an ad hoc committee to review the text. The committee included Taylor allies such as James Mapes Dodge and Henry R. Towne. The committee delegated the report to the editor of the American Machinist, Leon P. Alford. Alford was a critic of the Taylor system and the report was negative. The committee modified the report slightly, but accepted Alford's recommendation not to publish Taylor's book. Taylor angrily withdrew the book and published Principles without ASME approval... Taylor's influence United States * Carl Barth helped Taylor to develop speed-and-feed-calculating slide rules to a previously unknown level of usefulness. Similar aids are still used in machine shops today. Barth became an early consultant on scientific management and later taught at Harvard. * H. L. Gantt developed the Gantt chart, a visual aid for scheduling tasks and displaying the flow of work. * Harrington Emerson introduced scientific management to the railroad industry, and proposed the dichotomy of staff versus line employees, with the former advising the latter. * Morris Cooke adapted scientific management to educational and municipal organizations. * Hugo Münsterberg created industrial psychology. * Lillian Gilbreth introduced psychology to management studies. * Frank Gilbreth (husband of Lillian) discovered scientific management while working in the construction industry, eventually developing motion studies independently of Taylor. These logically complemented Taylor's time studies, as time and motion are two sides of the efficiency improvement coin. The two fields eventually became time and motion study. * Harvard University, one of the first American universities to offer a graduate degree in business management in 1908, based its first-year curriculum on Taylor's scientific management. * Harlow S. Person, as dean of Dartmouth's Amos Tuck School of Administration and Finance, promoted the teaching of scientific management. * James O. McKinsey, professor of accounting at the University of Chicago and founder of the consulting firm bearing his name, advocated budgets as a means of assuring accountability and of measuring performance. France In France, Le Chatelier translated Taylor's work and introduced scientific management throughout government owned plants during World War I. This influenced the French theorist Henri Fayol, whose 1916 Administration Industrielle et Générale emphasized organizational structure in management. In the classic General and Industrial Management Fayol wrote that "Taylor's approach differs from the one we have outlined in that he examines the firm from the "bottom up." he starts with the most elemental units of activity – the workers' actions – then studies the effects of their actions on productivity, devises new methods for making them more efficient, and applies what he learns at lower levels to the hierarchy..." He suggests that Taylor has staff analysts and advisors working with individuals at lower levels of the organization to identify the ways to improve efficiency. According to Fayol, the approach results in a "negation of the principle of unity of command." Fayol criticized Taylor's functional management in this way. “... the most marked outward characteristics of functional management lies in the fact that each workman, instead of coming in direct contact with the management at one point only, ... receives his daily orders and help from eight different bosses..." Those eight, Fayol said, were (1) route clerks, (2) instruction card men, (3) cost and time clerks, (4) gang bosses, (5) speed bosses, (6) inspectors, (7) repair bosses, and the (8) shop disciplinarian. This, he said, was an unworkable situation, and that Taylor must have somehow reconciled the dichotomy in some way not described in Taylor's works. Switzerland In Switzerland, the American Edward Albert Filene established the International Management Institute to spread information about management techniques. USSR In the USSR, Lenin was very impressed by Taylorism, which he and Stalin sought to incorporate into Soviet manufacturing. Taylorism and the mass production methods of Henry Ford thus became highly influential during the early years of the Soviet Union. Nevertheless "[...] Frederick Taylor's methods have never really taken root in the Soviet Union.".[19] The voluntaristic approach of the Stakhanovite movement in the 1930s of setting individual records was diametrically opposed to Taylor's systematic approach and proved to be counter-productive. The stop-and-go of the production process - workers having nothing to do at the beginning of a month and 'storming' during illegal extra shifts at the end of the month - which prevailed even in the 1980s had nothing to do with the successfully taylorized plants e.g. of Toyota which are characterized by continuous production processes which are continuously improved. "The easy availability of replacement labor, which allowed Taylor to choose only 'first-class men,' was an important condition for his system's success." The situation in the Soviet Union was very different. "Because work is so unrythmic, the rational manager will hire more workers than he would need if supplies were even in order to have enough for storming. Because of the continuing labor shortage, managers are happy to pay needed workers more than the norm, either by issuing false job orders, assigning them to higher skill grades than they deserve on merit criteria, giving them 'loose' piece rates, or making what is supposed to be 'incentive' pay, premia for good work, effectively part of the normal wage. As Mary Mc Auley has suggested under these circumstances piece rates are not an incentive wage, but a way of justifying giving workers whatever they 'should' be getting, no matter what their pay is supposed to be according to the official norms." Taylor and his theories are also referenced (and put to practice) in the 1921 dystopian novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin. Source: Wikipedia Limited Availability Chapters Include: Approximate Costs of Miscellaneous Concrete Work Approximate Cost Data on Concrete Structures Approximate Costs of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Determination of Labor Cost Task Work in Construction Proportioning Concrete Tables of Quantities of Materials for Concrete and Mortar Cost of Concrete Materials Excavating and Crushing Stone for Concrete Handling and Transporting Materials Labor of Hand Mixing Machinery Plants for Mixing and Handling Concrete Labor Costs of Machine Mixing Forms for Mass Concrete Arch Centers Forms for Reinforced Concrete Tables of Concrete Volumes Tables of Steel Areas and Quantities Tables of Times and Costs Bending and Placing Steel Tables for Designing Forms Tables of Quantities of Lumber for Forms Tables of Times and Costs of Labor on Forms Estimates for Reinforced Concrete Construction Illustrations Include: Plan and Cross Section of Typical Building Diagram of Costs of One Story Building per Square Foot of Floor Area Diagram of Cost of 2-Story Building per Square Foot of Floor Area Diagram of Cost of 3-Story Building per Square Foot of Floor Area Diagram of Cost of 4-Story Building per Square Foot of Floor Area Diagram of Cost of 5-Story Building per Square Foot of Floor Area Diagram of Cost of 6 to 10-Story Building per Square Foot of Floor Area Specimen Note Sheet Watch Book Decimal Dial Percentage of Air Plus Water Voids in a Natural Bank Sand Diagram Illustrating Measurement of Dry Materials and the Mixture when Broken Stone is of Uniform Size Diagram Illustrating Measurement of Dry Materials and the Mixture when the Stone is of Varying Size Diagram Giving Barrels of Portland Cement for One Cubic Yard of Concrete in Varying Proportions Jaw Crusher Gyratory Crusher Percentage of Sizes of Crushed Stone Produced by Ordinary Crushers Iron Wheelbarrow Two-Wheel Hand Cart Diagram: Times and Costs Loading and Hauling for Short Hauls Diagram: Times and Costs Loading and Hauling for Long Hauls Position of Men and Concrete on Platform while Turning Handling Concrete in Cars at Lowell, Mass Bucket Hoist for Handling Concrete at Lowell, Mass. Stationary Mixing Plant with One-Yard Rotary Mixer Gravity Mixer at Weehawken Shaft General Plan and Section of Mixing Plant, L. I. R. R. Power House Car Plant at Lawrenceville, Ill Drawings of Plant for Concrete Blocks, Buffalo Breakwater Plan and Elevation of Mixing Plant of Southern Power Co. Section of Mixing and Crushing Plant at Ashokan Reservoir, N.Y. Elevation of Crusher Plant, Ashokan Reservoir, N.Y. Painesville Bridge under Construction 361 Chuting Concrete in Building Construction, New Haven, Conn Swivel Joint for Chute Plant for Washing Sand and Gravel Form for Mass Concrete Center for Arch of 5-Foot Span Center for Arch of 8-Foot Span Centering for Sandy Hill Arch Bridge, 60-Foot Span Centers for Tunnel, Shawinigan Falls Centering for North River Tunnel Collapsible Steel Centering for a 4-Foot Arch Curve for Estimating Quantity of Lumber for Arch Centering Construction Ladder Tools for Removing Forms and Bending Steel Carpenter's Bench for Making up Forms Column Form with Iron Clamps and Wedge Strips Column Form showing Various Designs Column Form for Octagonal Column Column Form with Angle Iron Verticals Wall Column Forms Typical Form for Beam, Girder, and Column Head Beam Form showing Three Methods of Construction Posts for Supporting Beams, and Knee Braces Typical Girder Form Design of Wall Girder Form with Connecting Beam Design of Haunch Form and Head of Column Forms for Fireproofing Steel Beams Panel Form for Slabs Slab Form made up with Joists and with Beam and Girder Sides Forms for Flat Slab Construction using Joists and Stringers Forms for Flat Slab Construction using Joists Only Head for Column Supporting Flat Slab Sheet Metal Form for Column Head Forms for Foundation Walls Forms for Curtain Walls between Columns Forms for Exterior Curtain Walls Built against an Old Wall Forms for Curtain Walls below Window Sectional Wall Form Design of Overhanging Cornice used at Lowell, Mass Inside of Form and Reinforcement of Cornice at Lowell, Mass. Concrete Hoist and Hopper Machine for Bending Reinforcing Bars Table for Bending Reinforcing Bars Machine for Cutting Reinforcing Bars by Hand Spacing of 2 by 4-inch Clamps (Flat) for Columns Spacing of 2 by 4-inch Clamps (Edge) for Columns Spacing of Clamps for Octagonal Column Estimate Sheet for Concrete and Steel Estimate Sheet for Forms All items guaranteed to be authentic and original unless otherwise noted. "A book must be the axe for the frozen sea inside us."Franz Kafka Publication Data TITLE: Concrete Costs AUTHOR: Frederick W. Taylor and Sanford E. Thompson EDITOR/ILLUSTRATOR/TRANSLATOR: PLACE: New York DATE: 1912 IMPRINT: John Wiley & Sons FORMAT (SIZE): 5 1/4" x 7 7/8" COLLATION/PAGINATION: 709 pages EDITION STATEMENT: First Edition ISBN or LCCN: n/a Condition VG (very good). Binding square and exceptionally tight. Minimal wear on extremities. Backstripped lightly sunned. Internals clean and unmarked front to back. Odor free. (NOTE: Grading system based on industry standard AB Bookman's Weekly, further interpreted and expanded by IOBA. Click here for a detailed explanation of grading terms. Because any system is ultimately subjective and the buyer is buying sight unseen, occasional differences of opinion may arise on the condition of a given book. Should this occur, your purchase will be cheerfully refunded.) How It Happens Our primary purpose is to make this a secure, professional transaction from start to finish, always keeping integrity before profit, and never forgetting there is another human being on the other end. The following terms apply: Buyer pays shipping unless otherwise noted. Seller pays insurance. Domestic USPS Priority shipping free. Optional USPS International shipping @ $11.95. PayPal, money orders or personal checks accepted. All items shipped within one business day of receipt of payment unless otherwise arranged with buyer. All books and related paper items are sealed in waterproof bags and packed securely in boxes to all but eliminate the possibility of damage in transit. Please contact us for additional images, information, or reserve price on any item.. A Midnight Books Presentation (c) 2008 Powered by eBay Turbo ListerThe free listing tool. List your items fast and easy and manage your active items. Place a Bid!